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THE WAR RECORD 

of 
AMERICAN JEWS 



FIRST REPORT OF 

THE OFFICE OF WAR RECORDS 

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 

JANUARY 1. 1919 




NEW YORK 

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 

31 Union Square West 

1919 



THE WAR RECORD 

of 
AMERICAN JEWS 



FIRST REPORT OF 

THE OFFICE OF WAR RECORDS 

AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 

JANUARY 1, 1919 



NEW YORK 

THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 

31 Union Square West 

1919 



n 



PRESS OF 

CLARENCES. NATHAN, INC, 

NEW YORK. 



Gift: 

Publisher 
AFR IS ®3 



THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE 

Officers 
Louis Marshall, President 



Cyrus Adler, \ 

Julius Rosenwald, / 



Vice-Presidents 



Isaac W. Bernheim, Treasurer 



Executive Committee 

CYRUS ADLER, Chairman ------- Philadelphia, Pa. 

ISAAC W. BERNHEIM --------- Lotisville, Ky. 

HARRY CUTLER --------- Providence, R. I. 

SAMUEL DORF ---------- New York, N. Y. 

ABRAM I. ELKUS --------- New York, N. Y. 

JACOB H. HOLLANDER- -------- Baltimore, Md. 

ALBERT D. LASKER --------- Chicago, III. 

LOUIS MARSHALL --------- New York, N. Y. 

JULIUS ROSENWALD --------- Chicago, III. 

JACOB H. SCHIFF --------- New York, N. Y. 

ISADOR SOBEL ------------ Erie, Pa. 

OSCAR S. STRAUS --------- New York, N. Y. 

CYRUS L. SULZBERGER ------ New York, N. Y. 

MAYER SULZBERGER -------- Philadelphia, Pa. 

A. LEO WEIL ----------- Pittsburg, Pa. 



OFFICE OF JEWISH WAR RECORDS 

JULIAN LEAVITT, Director 
31 Union Square West, New York City 



NOTE 

This first report of the Office of Jewish War 
Records does not pretend to be a complete record 
of Jewish service and sacrifice in the great war. 
Manifestly, such a record cannot be completed until 
long after demobilization. The present report is 
limited, therefore, to such fragmentary data as was 
made available by a first, preliminary, survey. 
All figures are as of December 31, 1918, unless 
otherwise stated, and are subject to constant revision 
as new data becomes accessible. Additional reports 
and studies will be issued from time to time before 
the publication of the final report. 

Julian Leavitt, 

Director. 



CONTENTS 



V PAGE 

Letter of Transmittal 6 

Introductory Note 7 

Summary 7 

Total Number of Jews in the Service 9-11 

Percentage of Jews in the Service 11-12 

Distribution Among Combatant and Non-Combatant 

Branches 13-14 

Jewish Casualties 14-15 

Honors and Citations 15-28 

Conclusion 28-29 

Appendices 

I. Note on Method of Search 30-39 

II. Editorials from New York Newspapers 39-41 

Tables — 

1. Distribution by states of origin 42 

2. Distribution by leading cities 43 

3. Distribution by branches of service 44-45 

4. Combatant and non-combatant branches 46 

5. Commissioned officers in the Army 47 

6. Commissioned officers in the Navy and Marine Corps . 48 

7. Jewish casualties to November 1, 1918 49 

8. Ratio of Jewish to total casualties in the A. E. F 50 



LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 

Dr. Cyrus Adler, Chairman, 

Executive Committee, American Jewish Committee. 
Sir: 

I have the honor to submit herewith a report upon the 
collection of Jewish War Statistics. The monumental char- 
acter of the undertaking — as an instrument wherewith to 
combat certain manifestations of anti-Jewish prejudice in 
the immediate present, and as a collection of source material 
invaluable for Jewish historiography and demography in 
the future — has become fully apparent within the past year. 
It has been impossible, however, because of limitations of 
time, of funds, and of office accommodation, to render full 
justice to the work. Now that the war is happily drawing 
to a close the range and extent of the work still to be done 
may be definitely measured. In order to bring the under- 
taking to a successful conclusion it appears to be necessary: 

(1) To devote increased effort in the directions 
that have been followed hitherto with reasonable 
success — especially in the organization of local surveys 
among the Jewish communities. 

(2) To renew the effort to procure records from 
the official sources at Washington. 

(3) To establish communications with Jewish 
agencies at points of embarkation in France, in order 
to secure, on the ground, the records of Jewish service 
with the American Expeditionary Forces, before the 
process of demobilization sets in actively. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Julian Leavitt, 
November 10, 1918. Director. 



REPORT UPON THE COLLECTION OF JEWISH 
WAR RECORDS 

At the last annual meeting of the American Jewish 
Committee — the first since our entrance into the war — the 
Executive Committee expressed the belief "that an effort 
should be made to collect and record as much statistical 
and other information with regard to the participation of 
the Jews in the military and civilian activities of the United 
States in connection with the war as is possible to procure 
. . . feeling certain that the possession of adequate 
information of this character will be of interest to all Jews." 
Within the past year the collection of this data has 
proceeded vigorously and systematically, with the result 
that there is available today a mass of information of ex- 
traordinary value both for immediate purposes and for ulti- 
mate historic uses. A detailed presentation of the methods 
employed in the investigation, the difficulties encountered, 
and the partial successes achieved, will be found in the 
Appendix (page 30) which is a reprint of an article first 
published in the current American Jewish Year Book and 
submitted as a part of this report. 

The outstanding facts developed in the course of the 
inquiry to date may be summarized as follows : 

(1) The total number of individual records col- 
lected to this date* is well in excess of 100,000. Many 
of these records have been forwarded directly from 



"All figures are as of December 31, 1918, unless otherwise stated. 

7 



Office of Jewish War Records 

the camps and trenches by the soldiers themselves. 
Others have been sent in by their friends and relatives, 
by agents of the Jewish Welfare Board at the camps, 
or by local branches of the Board. The great bulk of 
the material, however, has been obtained through the 
unstinted co-operation of the Rabbis of the country 
and through the leading Jewish organizations, national, 
fraternal and local. 

(2) Of the 100,000 records at hand about 80,000 
have been tabulated and classified. The exact figures 
as to the distribution of these men, according to branches 
of the service, rank, states and cities of origin, etc., will 
be found in the appended tables. Briefly, they show 
that 

Of the 80,000 men whose records have been tabu- 
lated about 69,000 are classifiable in the Army, 
8,800 in the Navy, 1,700 in the Marine Corps. 

Of the 69,000 Army records, 12,458 are known 
to be in the Infantry, 4,751 in the Artillery, 4,438 
in the Medical Corps, 2,866 in the Signal and 
Aviation Corps, 1,373 in the Engineer Corps, 
877 in the Cavalry, 735 in Ordnance, and 1,472 in 
other branches. Men whose branches of service 
are as yet unknown, but the great majority of whom 
will probably be found later in the Infantry, num- 
ber 29,969. 

As to Rank, there are so far recorded 5,162 
Jewish commissioned officers in the Army, of whom 
24 are Colonels, 202 Majors, 782 Captains and 4,007 
Lieutenants. In the Navy there are 206 Commis- 
sioned Officers, including one Rear Admiral, and 
in the Marine Corps 40 Commissioned Officers, 
including one Brigadier-General. 



Number of Jews in Service 9 

As to States and Cities of Origin: — 
The largest centers of Jewish population have, 
of course, supplied the greatest number of Jews 
in the service. New York, state and city, have 
supplied more than one-third, the total for the 
state being 26,866, of which 22,210 are from 
New York City. Pennsylvania follows with 9,643 
of which 7,098 are from Philadelphia. Illinois is 
credited with 3,459, of which 2,670 are from 
Chicago; and Massachusetts with 3,377, of which 
830 are from Boston. Other states will be found 
pro-rated accordingly. The class "States not 
known" comprises 15,685 of which probably forty 
per cent, will ultimately be traceable to New 
York. 

As the full significance of these figures may be grasped 
only in their relation to certain questions that are, of neces- 
sity, uppermost in the minds of those interested in this sub- 
ject it may be well to present the information developed 
so far in the course of the inquiry directly in the form of 
questions and answers — it being understood, however, that 
as these figures are not final any deductions drawn from them 
must also lack finality. 

1. What is the Total Number, and Percentage, of the 

Jews in the Army and Navy of the 

United States Today? 

The best available evidence indicates that there are 

from 150,000 to 200,000 Jews in the service, or from four to 

five per cent of the total forces of the United States, which 

at this date number approximately four million. 

These estimates are based upon two independent calcu- 



10 Office of Jewish War Records 

lations which tend strongly to confirm one another. One 
is a study of the Casualty Lists. The total number of casu- 
alties in the American Expeditionary Forces to November 
1, 1918, was 64,157. The total number of Jewish casualties 
noted to that date was 2,502 — or 3.9 per cent of the total. 
If the Jewish casualties are not excessive — and there is no 
reason to assume that they are (at least for the earlier period 
of American participation; the later fighting, in which 
the 77th, Camp Upton Division, was engaged, will probably 
raise the proportions) — this would indicate that the Jews 
constitute about four per cent of the Army and Marine 
Corps. As these two arms of the service at present number 
about 3,700,000 men this would make the total of Jewish 
soldiers and Marines about 145,000; and as the same ratio 
probably applies to the Navy, its present personnel of 
500,000 would furnish approximately 20,000 Jews. The 
total for all branches of the service would therefore, by this 
method of calculation, approximate 165,000. 

The other possible method of estimating the total is based 
upon observations made in the process of collecting the 
records of the Marine Corps. It may be assumed as axio- 
matic that in order to secure entirely complete lists of the 
Jews in the service it will be necessary to combine a search 
of the official records at Washington together with the 
collection of extra-official records from purely Jewish sources. 
In practice it has been found possible to make this thorough 
search in only one office in Washington, that of the Adjutant 
and Inspector of the Marine Corps. By comparing the 
results obtained by the use of both methods of search it was 
found that the unofficial method of search would have 
furnished only 532 names, while the official search furnished 
1,172 names, or approximately twice as many. As the 80,000 
names at present classified were practically all obtained from 



Percentage of Jews in Service 11 

unofficial sources, this would indicate that we have at present 
only one-third of the total of all Jews now in the service. 
On the basis of this estimate the aggregate should be nearly 
250,000. It is obvious, however, that this is an over- 
estimate, due to the fact the Marine Corps is not a typical 
corps, concentrated for training purposes in large canton- 
ments, where they can easily be checked up and reported by 
agents of the Jewish Welfare Board or by the local Jewish 
papers, as in most camps. In other words, the unofficial 
method of search is somewhat more defective in the case of 
Marines than in most branches of the service. But even 
if a full discount of twenty or twenty-five per cent be written 
off for this one factor there would remain an approximate 
total of 200,000 Jews in the service, according to this es- 
timate. It is probably safe to infer, therefore, that the 
final figures will be found somewhere between the minimum 
of 150,000 indicated by the first method of calculation, and 
the maximum of 200,000 indicated by the second method. 



2. How Does the Percentage of Jews in the Service 

Compare with the Percentage of 

the Jewish Population in the 

United States? 

' The entire Jewish population of the country, according to 
the latest estimates, is about three per cent of the total 
populations The Jews in the military and naval forces of 
the United States, however, constitute from four to five 
per cent of the total personnel. On the face of these figures 
it would seem that the Jews of America have contributed at 
least one-third more than their share to the armed strength 
of the United States. There is reason to believe, however, 
that the final figures, when available, will demonstrate that 



12 Office of Jewish War Records 

the Jewish contribution has been even greater than this. It 
is well known that the selective service system has operated 
more effectively in the North and East than in the South 
and West, and in the urban than in the rural districts — 
that is, in the larger centers of population, which happen 
also to be the centers of Jewish population. Moreover, the 
number of industrial exemptions has been greatest in agri- 
culture, mining and the metal industries, where the Jews are 
least extensively employed. It has therefore developed, 
as an unavoidable and incidental feature of the draft system, 
that the Jewish elements of the population have perhaps 
been drawn upon more heavily, in proportion to their num- 
bers, than any other elements. 

But the principal reason for the high percentage of 
Jews in the service rests elsewhere. It is to be found 

IN THE REMARKABLE NUMBER OF JEWISH VOLUNTEERS. 

The evidence as to this is definite and conclusive. 
The great majority of the records in our files state the 
exact ages of the men reported. By actual count it has 
been ascertained that of all the men whose ages were known 
fully ten per cent were well outside the draft ages at the 
time that the count was made — before the registration of 
September 12th. If, in addition to this number there be 
added the 10,536 sailors and marines, who are all volunteers, 
the total of such volunteers at present recorded rises to more 
than twenty per cent of the total in our files. Should this 
ratio represent fairly the proportion of Jewish volunteers 
in'fall the arms of the service — and at present there is no 
reason to believe otherwise — this would indicate that there 
are from 30,000 to 40,000 Jewish volunteers in the service 
today. In other words, the normal Jewish quota of three 
per cent seems to have been contributed through the draft, 
and the excess to have been supplied by volunteers. 



Staff and Line 13 

3. how are the jewish soldiers distributed among 

the Combatant and Non-Combatant 

Branches of the Service? 

Although distinctions of this nature have become, in the 
organization of modern warfare, almost meaningless, and 
are therefore not to be over-emphasized, certain compari- 
sons that have been noted in this connection are so striking 
as to compel instant attention. 

According to the latest official figures available as to 
the strength of the army as a whole and of each of its com- 
ponent branches, the total strength was, in November, 1918, 
about 3,700,000, of which the Infantry, Artillery, Cavalry, 
Engineers, and Signal-Aviation branches together con- 
stituted 60 per cent, and the other branches, such as Ord- 
nance, Quartermaster, etc., constituted 40 per cent. But 
among the 80,000 army records in our possession the dis- 
tribution among the first named branches is fully 72 per 
cent, or 12 per cent greater than in the entire army. The 
Infantry branch constitutes 26.6 per cent of the entire army, 
while of the Jewish total it constitutes 51.7 per cent. 
Artillery is 14 per cent, of the U. S. Army, 10 per cent, of 
the Jewish total. In Cavalry the rate for the entire army 
is 2 per cent, for the Jews only 1 per cent. The Engineer 
Corps constitutes 11 per cent of the army strength, and 
but three per cent among the Jewish records. The Signal 
and Aviation Corps represent 7 per cent of the U. S. total, 
and 6 per cent of the Jewish total. The Medical Corps 
is 8 per cent of the army total, 9 per cent of the Jewish 
total. The Quartermaster Corps is 6.2 per cent of the army 
total, 5.1 per cent of the Jewish total. Ordnance is 1.7 
per cent of the army total, 1.5 per cent of the Jewish total. 

If, therefore, such distinctions are still held valid it may 
be said truthfully that the relative proportion of Jews in 



14 Office of Jewish War Records 

the combatant branches is far greater than in the non-com- 
batant branches. 

If additional evidence as to this point is desired it may 
be found in a comparative study of two branches of the ser- 
vice differing so widely in their functions as the Quarter- 
master Corps and the Marine Corps. In view of the fact 
that the Quartermaster's Corps is essentially the business 
organization of the army, and that the Jewish recruits, as a 
class, undoubtedly possess greater business training and 
greater capacity for organization than their non-Jewish 
comrades, it may reasonably have been expected that this 
branch of the service would possess a far higher percentage 
of Jews than all other branches. The evidence at hand, 
however, points definitely to the contrary. While the per- 
sonnel in the Q. M. C. constitutes 6.2 per cent of the army 
as a whole it constitutes only 5.1 per cent of the Jewish total. 

The Marine Corps, on the other hand, is essentially a 
fighting organization. Every man in this corps is a volun- 
teer, enlisted with the full knowledge that the corps would 
be sent wherever the fighting was thickest. Now of the 
60,000 Marine Corps records examined to date about 1,700, 
or three per cent, proved to be Jewish, while probably 
an additional 200 were Jewish, but not definitely traceable 
by our methods. And of these 1,700 Jewish Marines, fully 
thirty per cent joined immediately after June 5th, the day 
when it was published to the world that the Marines were the 
American "shock troops" at Chateau-Thierry. 

4. What is the Total Number, and Percentage, of 
Jewish Casualties? 

At this writing the official casualty lists are still far from 
complete, and it is therefore impossible to state, with any 



Citations 15 

assurance of accuracy, the total number of Jewish cas- 
ualties. A reasonably conservative estimate, however, 
would place the total deaths from all causes at about 2,500 
(of which about 1,500 were killed in action or died of wounds) 
and the total of all Jewish casualties of every description 
at about 10,000. 

The total number recorded to November 1, 1918, is 2,502, 
or 3.9 per cent of the total in the Army and Marine Corps. 
Of these 451 were killed in action, 142 died from wounds, 
96 died from disease, 73 died from accident and other causes. 
The total number of deaths is 882, or 4.1 per cent of the 
total in the American Expeditionary Forces. The total 
of wounded is 1,397, or 3.8 per cent of the American forces. 

5. Honors and Citations 

The reports of citations for gallantry in action, and of 
other honors and decorations, are too belated to provide 
sufficient data for the purpose of the present report. It 
is known, however, that the number of Jewish soldiers who 
have received American and French decorations is consider- 
able. It was the 77th (Upton) Division — largely Jewish — 
that was in the thick of the fighting at Argonne Forest, and 
it was practically a Jewish battalion — belonging to the 
famous ' 308th — that distinguished itself for extraordinary 
valor in the Argonne. The list of all citations will there- 
fore be prepared for publication as soon as sufficient infor- 
mation with respect to these honors shall be available. 
In the meantime the following tentative list of official 
citations noted to date, although manifestly incomplete, 
will serve to give an idea of the valor of the Jewish soldiers 
in action. 



16 Office of Jewish War Records 

OFFICIAL CITATIONS 

Adler, Julius O., Major, 306th Infantry. — "During the relief on 
the night of August 11-12, 1918, the 2d Battalion, 306th 
Infantry, suddenly came under heavy shell fire of the 
enemy and the companies were ordered to dig in. This 
officer showed coolness, special devotion, and care of his 
men, calmly walking up and down in front of the men, 
preventing panic, and indicating to individual men where 
best to seek shelter, and preventing bunching and group- 
ing. During this critical time this officer gave little thought 
to personal danger, and his action undoubtedly greatly 
reduced the number of casualties suffered by this bat- 
talion." 

"During the advance in the Argonne Forests since 
September 26, 1918, especially at the capture of St. Juvin 
and Hill 182, on the afternoon of October 14, 1918, this 
officer showed marked leadership and efficiency, and ex- 
hibited great coolness, under fire, in leading his troops 
against the enemy, although time and time again superior 
forces of the enemy confronted him. On October 14, 1918, 
his company, although greatly depleted by casualties, 
inspired by his courage and example, was first to reach 
the objective at St. Juvin and Hill 182, capturing approxi- 
mately fifty prisoners. He was ever ready to go forward 
whenever, called upon, however great the odds seemed 
against him." 

Aperstein, Sam, Company D, 302d Engineers. — Cited November 3, 
1918, for gallant and meritorious conduct in the course of 
bridge building operations across the Vesle north of Villesa- 
voye, while exposed to heavy shell fire for a period of three 
and one half hours. "The nature of this work was such 
as to demand a high quality of bravery and great perse- 
verance in order to carry it to a successful conclusion, 
and there was no opportunity to secure adequate pro- 
tection from the enemy's fire." 

Aronson, Joe, United States Marines. — Awarded Croix De Guerre, 
after having suffered a leg wound in the fighting around 
Chateau Thierry. 

Asher, David L., 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Baer, Clarence A., of Detroit, Mich. — First American to receive 
medal of the Raconnaisance Francaise. 

Baer, Sanford, Lieutenant, of Murphysboro, 111. — Awarded the 
Croix de Guerre for bravery in action. The award was 
made in the hospital. 

Belson, Samuel L., Boston, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment cited. 

Bemowski, Joseph G., 104th Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Benjamin, William, Sergeant, of Portland, Oregon. — Awarded 
Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in 



Citations 17 

action at Chateau Diable, near Fismes, on August 27. 
Although severely wounded in the first minutes of a three- 
hour engagement, he continued to lead his platoon, with 
entire disregard of personal safety, and, although suffering 
intensely from his wounds, refused to be evacuated until 
the action was over and he found cover for his men. 

Berg, Joseph, Company G, 167th Infantry. — Distinguished Service 
Medal for extraordinary heroism in action near Croix 
Rouge Farm, northeast of Chateau Thierry, on July 27. 
When his company was in action near Hill 212, Private 
Berg was posted as lookout while his company was intrench- 
ing. He observed the enemy bringing forward machine 
guns through the wheat fields, to place them in position. 
Waiting until they were within close range he exposed 
himself to heavy machine gun and artillery fire, and suc- 
ceeded in killing or disabling the crews of three machine 
guns, thus saving his company from heavy casualties. 
Cited November 1, 1918. 

Bergman, Axel H., First Class Private, Company E, 302d En- 
gineers. — Cited November 3, 1918, for gallant and meri- 
torious conduct in the course of bridge building operations 
across the Vesle north of Villesavoye, while exposed to heavy 
shell fire for a period of three and one half hours. "The 
nature of this work was such as to demand a high quality 
of bravery and great perseverance in order to carry it 
to a succesdful conclusion, and there was no opportunity 
to secure adequate protection from the enemy's fire." 

Bergstein, Alfred N., First Lieutenant, Medical Corps, 18th 
Infantry. — For extraordinary heroism in action near 
Exermont, France, October 8, 1918. Under heavy shell 
fire, Lieut. Bergstein cared for the wounded, although he 
had been severely wounded and was suffering great pain. 
He refused to be evacuated until all the wounded had been 
treated. Home address, Samuel Bergstein, 624 Miners- 
ville Street, Pottsville, Pa. 

Berkman, Raymond, Second Lieutenant, 306th Infantry. — 
"Throughout the advance through the Argonne Forest made 
by G and E Companies, 306th Infantry, under intense enemy 
artillery and machine-gun fire, this officer displayed extra- 
ordinary courage and devotion to duty, continually leading 
his men forward during the short rushes and organizing 
and reorganizing his unit, so that at all times he had in 
hand an efficient fighting group, though the ranks were 
being continually thinned by casualties." 

Bernheimer, Louis G., First Lieutenant, Air Service, pilot, 88th Aero 
Squadron. — "For the following act of extraordinary heroism 
in action near Tailley, France, November 2, 1918: Lieutenant 
Bernheimer and First Lieutenant Ralph P. Bagby, observer, 
on their own initiative went on a reconnoissance mission, 
flying fifteen kilometres behind the German fines, securing 



18 Office of Jewish War Records 

valuable information on the condition of the bridges across 
the Meuse River and enemy activity in the back areas and 
harassing enemy troops. Home address: Sidney Bern- 
heimer, father, 13S East Seventy-second Street, New York 
City." 

Bernstein, Isidore H., 5 West 111th Street, New York City, 104th 
Infantry. — Entire Regiment Cited. 

Bloch, Harry, Worcester, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment Cited. 

Block, Raymond A., Newark, New Jersey, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment Cited. 

Block, Samuel M., Private, Company A, 102d Infantry. — Distin- 
guished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action 
at Marcheville, France, September 26, 1918. After several 
other runners had failed, Private Block volunteered and 
was successful in carrying a message through an intense 
machine-gun and artillery barrage. 

Blohm, John, Sergeant, Company B, 305th Infantry. — "On Septem- 
ber 2 was a member of a patrol operating in daylight out 
of St. Thibaut across the Vesle River to Bazoches, which 
patrol, having accomplished its mission, was returning 
to our lines. Due to heavy fire the patrol had taken refuge 
in shell holes, and from his position in a shell hole Sergeant 
Blohm saw Corporal Catafina, Co. C, 305th Infantry, a 
member of this patrol, dragging himself through the grass 
toward the river and bleeding profusely from a wound in 
the neck. Sergeant Blohm left his cover, carried the 
wounded Corporal to shelter behind a tree near the river 
bank, and there bound his wounds. He then slipped 
into the river and with the assistance of the boughs of a 
tree fallen from the opposite bank drew Catalina after 
him to the south side of the river. He then carried him 
across the open some 200 yards to our outpost line. During 
this action the enemy fire had been continuous, both rifle 
and machine gun." 

Blomberg, Henry S., First Lieutenant, 127th Infantry. — Distin- 
guished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action 
near Juvigny, north of Soissons, France, August 30, 1918. 
"Inspiring his men by his own personal bravery, Lieut. 
Blomberg vigorously led his company forward in the face 
of heavy machine-gun and artillery fire, capturing the 
heights overlooking Juvigny, with many prisoners. After 
reaching the objective he repeatedly exposed himself to 
hostile fire time after time in reorganizing the line. During 
the defense of the position won he personally set up and 
operated a captured German machine-gun against the 
enemy while under terrific fire." 

Bloomberg, Louis, 2426 East 59th Street, Cleveland, Ohio.— Cited 
for bravery in the Battle of the Marne. 



Citations 19 



Blum, Harvey H., Sergeant, 37 M-M Cannon Platoon, Headquarters 
Co., 307th Infantry. — "During the advance in the Argonne 
Forest, from September 25 to October 16, 1918, was con- 
tinually with the advance line, despite the fact that the 
several sections of his platoon periodically relieved one 
another, and on several occasions he did display great 
bravery and coolness under fire." 

Brown, Henry, Lieutenant, of Detroit, Mich. — Won distinction 
in the service in different ways. In his service under fire he 
was repeatedly cited for bravery. He died in France, 
October 29, twelve days before the ending of the war. 

Calmen, B., 104th Infantry. — Entire Regiment Cited. 

Cohen, Abraham, 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Cohen, David, of Battery F, 65th Coast Artillery Corps. — Awarded 
the Croix de Guerre. 

Cohen, David, Worcester, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment Cited. 

Cohen, Meyer, Webster, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment Cited. 

Cohen, Simon L. Bloch, Sergeant, Philadelphia, Pa., Company B, 
1st Prov. M. G. Battalion. — Decorated while in hospital 
with Croix de Guerre by Marshall Foch. 

Cohen, Theodore Lewi, Sprakers, New York, 104th Infantry. — 
Entire Regiment Cited. 

Cohn, Eugene S., Captain, 364th Infantry. — For extraordinary heroism 
in action near Exmorieux Farm, France, October 2, 1918. 
After being painfully wounded by shrapnel, Capt. Cohn 
refused to go to the rear and remained on duty with his 
company in the front line without medical attention for 
54 hours. Home address, Mrs. Marthena R. Cohn, wife, 
R. F. D. No. 6, Seattle, Wash. 

Cohn, Louis Henry, of Brooklyn, Artillery. — Twice decorated for 
especial bravery in the battle on Ourcq, July 20 to 25. 

Davies, Joseph J., of Bridgeport, Conn. — Cited for bravery during 
the battle of the Marne. Also awarded the Croix de Guerre 
shortly before he was wounded. 

Davis, Ezra, 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Dreben, Sam, El Paso, Texas. — Awarded Distinguished Service 
Cross. 

Feder, Walter J., 878 Hutchins Avenue, Cincinnatti. — Decorated 
with Medal of Valor for extreme bravery. 

Fells, Isador. — Decorated with the Distinguished Service Medal 
for bravery. 

Flexner, Simon, New York, Major, Medical Corps, Officer of the 
Legion of Honor. 

Fulda, Walter J., Sergeant, of San Francisco. — Awarded the Dis- 
tinguished Service Medal for maintaining field kitchen 
service intact under heavy bombardment, his unit being 
the only one to serve a hot meal to the men of his division 
on October 3d last. 



20 Office of Jewish War Records 

Gerrtg, Jacob, 101st Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Gerstein, Louis, 286 Walnut Avenue, Roxbury, Mass. — Killed in 
action September 6, 1918. Previously decorated for 
valor displayed in action in carrying a wounded comrade 
out of the firing zone on August 27. Member of Company 
E, 307th Infantry. 

Gilbert, Max. — Awarded Distinguished Service Cross. — "At great 
personal danger while under heavy fire carried a wounded 
fellow soldier to shelter and administered first aid, thereby 
saving his life." 

Girier, Morris, 101st Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Gold,. Benjamin, First Sergeant, Company D, 306th Infantry. — 
On September 7, 1918, while his company was holding a 
position in the front line, during intense shelling by the 
enemy, this soldier exhibited high courage, initiative and 
coolness by taking charge of, controlling, and helping care 
for the wounded, directing them to points of safety, without 
regard to his own personal danger, until he himself was 
severely wounded. Cited November 16, 1918. 

Goldberg, David A., 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Goldstein, Julius, Sergeant, of Philadelphia, Company E, 307th 
Infantry. — "At Chateau Diable, near Fismes, on August 27, 
1918, displayed unusual coolness and great bravery in the 
face of terrific enemy machine gun fire. A party from Co. 
E had become lost in the woods and he took out a patrol 
of four men and led it through the enemy's fines under 
terrific fire at all times, found the party, and brought it 
back to safety around the flank of the enemy's position." 

Goldstone, Max, Sergeant, Headquarters Company, 307th In- 
fantry. — "For running a line to Grand Pre in the darkest 
of nights, through unknown territory under heavy artillery 
and machine gun fire. When temporarily stopped by 
darkness he stayed with the end of the line and completed 
it at dawn." Date, October 15, 1918. 

Grossman, A. A., Lieutenant, attached to the 62d Battalion, Machine 
Gun Corps. — Won British Military Cross for gallantry and 
devotion to duty while serving in the fighting at Cambrai. 

Hahn, Frederick, Second Lieutenant, Field Artillery. — "Near Can- 
tigny, May 28-30, he unhesitatingly went into heavy shell 
fire to supervise the repairs of telephone lines and to act 
as runner when the further maintenance of the wires became 
an impossibility." — Cited September 6, 1918. 

Heineman, Julie, of San Francisco. — Decorated with the Queen 
Elizabeth Medal by King Albert of Belgium for her work 
in behalf of French wounded and blind. 

Herscovitz, Isie J., Color Sergeant, San Francisco. — Cited for 
valor. 

Hirsch, Isaac C, Company E, 306th Infantry. — "On August 27, 
1918, voluntarily acting as stretcher bearer, showed great 
heroism, determination, and courage by carrying wounded 



Citations 21 

in an area which was swept by shell, machine gun, and rifle 
fire."— Cited November 16, 1918. 

Hoffman, Edward A., Company H, 306th Infantry. — "Being on 
duty as observer, remained at his post during violent shell 
fire on the night of August 27-28, 1918, thus showing great 
courage and determination." — Cited November 16, 1918. 

Joseph, S. C, Lieutenant, of the Sea Patrol. — Awarded Distinguished 
Service Flying Cross for downing eight enemy aircraft. 

Kantrowitz, Silas, Albany, New York, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment Cited. 

Kaplan, Jacob, Sergeant, Stokes Mortar Platoon, Headquarters Co., 
307th Infantry. — "On October 9, 1918, during the advance 
in the Argonne Forest, crawled out in advance of the front 
line to within 100 yards of an enemy machine gun nest, 
under heavy fire, to observe the effects of our Stokes fire, 
and did succeed in directing fire so as to cause the enemy 
machine gunners to withdraw." 

Kacffman, Abraham. — "He refused to leave his gun after he had 
lost a finger during the enemy encounter at Cantigny, 
May 28, but continued to perform his duty until so severely 
wounded as to be unable to assist in serving his piece." 

Kessler, Jacob. — Cited for bravery in action. 

Klick, Albert W., 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Klosenberg, Samuel, 1560 Southern Boulevard, New York, N. Y. — 
Awarded Distinguished Service Cross. 

Klug, Edward J., 101st Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Koppel, Harry, of Revere, Mass. — Commended by Secretary Daniels 
for bravery displayed in rescuing men overboard at sea. 

Krotoshinsky, Abraham. — "Distinguished Service Cross for extra- 
ordinary heroism in action in Argonne Forest on October 
6th. He was on liaison duty with a battalion of the 308th 
Infantry which was surrounded by the enemy north of 
the Forest de la Buironne in Argonne Forest. After patrols 
and runners had been repeatedly shot down while attempt- 
ing to carry back word of the battalion's position and 
condition, he volunteered for the mission and successfully 
accomplished it." Home Address, 7 Ritter Place, Bronx, 
New York City. 

The following editorial tribute to Krotoshinsky 
appeared in The New York Times of December 19, 1918: 

The Private from the Bronx. 

"The only things which matter in war," John 
Masefield says, "are courage and the love of your 
•omrades." They win battles, they save beleagured 
battalions. Courage in emergencies is heroism, and 
for extraordinary heroism the Distinguished Service 
Cross is awarded by our Government. A humble 
recipient of it, as announced in an order by General 



22 Office of Jewish War Records 

Pershing, is Abraham Krotoshinsky of 811 Ritter 
Place, the Bronx, a private in Company K, 307th 
Infantry. He volunteered for a service which seemed 
certain death, for other men had fallen wounded, or 
had been killed, or were accounted "missing," in at- 
tempting the duty which the youngster from New York 
sprang to perform with no illusions about its perils. 

The place was the Argonne Forest, where death 
became very familiar to the American soldier. It was 
full of "Bloody Angles." The organization to which 
Krotoshinsky belonged was the "Lost Battalion." 
Surrounded by the enemy and cut off from the rest of 
the American Army, it had decided to die rather 
than surrender. Everybody knows the story now, a 
deathless story. Runner after runner was sent out — 
they were all volunteers — to get through the enemy's 
lines and bring relief. Every man was a target as 
soon as he went "over the top." It was the valor of 
cold blood that made him run the risk. He would 
probably be the victim of a sniper if a shell did not 
do the work. Death by an ordinary wound is bad 
enough, but it has no such terrors as extinction by a 
shell, the shattering of the human frame into indis- 
tinguishable pieces, which accounts for so many of the 
"missing." No man had got through, for there was 
no cheering of relieving troops, no signal of aid coming, 
when the call for a volunteer was made again. Krot- 
oshinsky spoke first, stepped up to the ordeal, went 
over in full view of the enemy, and was off to save 
the "Lost Battalion." 

General Pershing's citation says that "patrols and 
runners had been repeatedly shot down." There 
seemed little hope, a ghost of a chance, for the private 
from the Bronx. What a sight it must have been, 
the race for death! At Port Hudson the Confederates 
cheered the Massachusetts hero, Colonel William 
Francis Barlett, jumping the tree roots of their abatis 
on a white horse, as he led his men to the charge far 
in advance of them — he went down at last, once more 
grievously wounded. One cannot imagine the Ger- 
mans cheering the private from the Bronx as he faced 
the hell of their fire, now stumbling, now up again, 
always going forward undaunted to save the battalion, 
but if ever a fighting man deserved to be cheered by a 
generous enemy it was this courier who was captain 
of his soul and dared all for love of his comrades. 
Colonel Roosevelt extolled two of his Rough Riders, 
one of whom survived, for making a run through the 
fire of the Spaniards in Cuba, but what a sprinkling 
of bullets it was compared with the inferno of crater- 



Citations 23 

making shells and machine gun volleys in the great 
war! 

The private from the Bronx is now numbered among 
the bravest of the brave. "Guess what my best staff 
officer was before the war," said a British General to 
John Masefield, who gave it up. The "best staff 
officer" had been a "barber's assistant," and the 
General's second best staff officer had been a "milk- 
man's assistant," carrying cans on the early route. 
The General's "bravest" staff officer used to sell 
ribbons over a counter before the war. Abraham 
Krotosbinsky, it is said, was a barber. So you never 
know what your neighbor off for the war is going to 
do. And about the stock and names of the heroes 
to be you can never tell, especially when fifty nation- 
alties leap from the melting pot at the call to arms. 
If the great war has proved anything, it is that men 
of all races and from all climes are brave to a fault, 
and that heroes may wear unfamiliar names; the 
name of Abraham Krotoshinsky, for instance. 
Lederman, Harold P., Second Lieutenant, 30th Infantry, Kansas 
City, Mo. — Awarded Croix de Guerre for valor at Chateau 
Thierry. 
Leonie, Max, Gardner, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Awarded 

War Cross. 
Lerner, Philip, Pittsfield, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Entire 

Regiment Cited. 
Levine, George A., 102d Machine Gun Battalion. — Cited for 

bravery. 
Levinson, Abe, Private, Company G, 167th Infantry. — "Distin- 
guished Service Medal for extraordinary heroism in action 
near Croix Rouge Farm, north-east of Chateau Thierry, 
on July 27. When his company was in action near Hill 
212, Private Levinson was posted as lookout while his 
company was intrenching. He observed the enemy bring- 
ing forward machine guns through the wheat fields to 
place them in position. Waiting until they were within 
close range, he exposed himself to heavy machine gun and 
artillery fire and succeeded in killing or disabling the crew 
of two machine guns, thus saving his company from heavy 
casualties. — Cited, November 3, 1918. Home address: 
10 Sherman Street, Pittsburgh, Penn. 
Levy, Alcan, New York City, New York, 104th Infantry. — Entire 

Regiment Cited. 
Levy, Leon C., Birmingham, Ala. — Awarded Distinguished Service 

Cross for valor in action at Soissons. 
Lewine, Archie. — "Awarded Croix de Guerre for extraordinary con- 
scientiousness and remarkable sangfroid in performance 
of his duties during a long and violent gas bombard- 
ment." 



24 



Office of Jewish War Records 



Lieberman, Nathan, Corporal, Company C, 131st Infantry. — 
"Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism 
in action at Chipilly Ridge on August 9. He displayed 
unusual gallantry in rushing a machine-gun nest whose 
fire was checking the advance. With the assistance of 
a man in his squad he put the machine-gun out of action 
and took four prisoners." Home address: 1426 Birchwood 
Avenue, Chicago, 111. 

Liner, Irving, Sergeant Major, 308th Infantry. — Awarded Dis- 
tinguished Service Cross for valor in action. 

Linsky, William. — Awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. 

Lipsett, Joseph D., 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Lipsie, Leo. — Received Croix de Guerre and Distinguished Service 
Medal. 

Littauer, K. P., Major, Air Service, awarded Distinguished Service 
Cross. "For repeated acts of heroism in action near 
Conflans, on September 14, and near Doulcon, on October 
30. He volunteered on a mission to protect a photographic 
plane for another squadron on September 14 and con- 
tinued toward the objective at Conflans after three other 
protecting planes had failed to start. In an encounter 
with five enemy pursuit planes, he completely protected 
the photographic plane by skillful manoeuvering, although 
his observer was wounded and his machine seriously 
damaged. On October 30 Major Littauer, on duty as 
Chief of Air Service of the Third Army Corps, volun- 
teered and made an important reconnoissance of enemy 
machine-gun emplacements at a low altitude near Doul- 
con." Home address, Alfred Littauer, father, 100th 
Street and Fifth Avenue, New York City. 

Manzer, Roy, Lieutenant. — Awarded Cross for downing eight 
hostile aircraft. "Lieutenant Manzer was carrying out 
a solitary patrol when he observed a two-seater below 
him. He dived, opening fire at the same time, and when 
he had followed the enemy down to a height of 1,000 feet, 
drove it to land outside the airdome. On his return to 
our lines he attacked a hostile kite balloon, which, upon 
reaching earth, burst into flames. Lieutenant Manzer 
has, in addition to these recent victories, downed seven 
other enemy machines." 

Marcus, Herman, of N. Y. — Cited for bravery in rescuing a drowning 
child in French port. 

Marks, Ben, Dispatch Rider. — Awarded Cross of Merit by the King of 
Italy for conspicuous bravery in the Italian theatre of war. 
Last year the Croix de Guerre, with star, was awarded him 
for gallant and meritorious services on the Western front. 

Mayer, George B., of Cleveland, Ohio, an ambulance driver. — 
Cited in division orders of the French army and awarded 
the Croix de Guerre with silver star for coolness and bravery 
on numerous occasions. 



Citations 25 

Mindheim, Edward N., an infantryman of New York. — Awarded 
a Distinguished Service Cross for bravery at Chateau- 
Thierry. 

Morton, Samuel J., Sergt., 132d Infantry, prairie division. — Awarded 
the Croix de Guerre for bravery. 

Moskowitz, Daniel, Company F, 108th Infantry. — "Distinguished 
Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in action near 
Ronssoy on September 28. He exhibited exceptional 
bravery by leaving shelter and going into an open field 
under heavy machine-gun and shell fire to rescue wounded 
soldiers." Home address: 441 Sixteenth Street, Brooklyn. 

Muhr, Allen Henry, of Philadelphia. — Awarded War Cross for 
distinguished service with the American Field Ambulance 
around Moronvilliers, in Champagne, northeast of Rheims. 

Neuman, Ralph. — Awarded Croix de Guerre for distinguished service 
and bravery while driving an ambulance. 

Net, Leonard, Harrisburg, Virginia, 104th Infantry. — Entire Regi- 
ment Cited. 

Nussbaum, William, 214 East 82d Street, New York City, N. Y., 
104th Infantry. — Entire Regiment Cited. 

Rafalsky, Nizel, Sergeant, of Baltimore, Md. — Awarded the Dis- 
tinguished Service War Cross. 

Rappaport, Private. — Cited for splendid courage with forces, which 
captured Argonne Wood and neighboring villages. 

Resnick, Mark, Worcester, Mass., 104th Infantry. — Entire Regiment 
Cited. 

Rose, Maurice, Lieut., of Denver. — Officially commended for bravery 
in action during September and November. 

Rosenfeld, Albeht, Worcester, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — 
Entire Regiment Cited. 

Rosenfeld, Merrill, First Lieutenant, deceased, 115th Infantry. — 
''Distinguished War Service Cross for extraordinary heroism 
in action near Verdun. During the various offensives 
of this regiment in the vicinity of the Meuse River, he 
displayed the greatest bravery and coolness. He met his 
death while leading a group that silenced an enemy machine 
gun menacing his right flank." Home address: 2221 
Eutaw Place, Baltimore, Md. 

Rosenfield, Harry H., Corporal. — Commended for splendid bravery 
and coolness. Met his death while keeping telephone 
lines in continual repair under constant shell fire. 

Samuels, Max, Worcester Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — Entire 
Regiment Cited. 

Schwartz, Morris C, 3608 Irving Park Boulevard, Chicago, 111. — 
Cited by Secretary Daniels for daring accomplishment. 

Shapiro, Benjamin, 104th Infantry. — Entire Regiment cited for 
bravery. 

Sharf, Jacob, 82 Maiden Street, Everett, Mass., 104th Infantry. — 
Killed in Action, March 17, 1918. Entire Regiment 
Cited. 



26 Office of Jewish War Records 

Shaw, Benedict, New York City, New York, 104th Infantry. — 
Entire Regiment Cited. 

Shefrin, William, Cook, deceased, Company C, 306th Infantry. — 
"Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism 
in action in the Ravine de L'Homme Mort, near Vauxcere, 
between the Vesle and the Aisne Rivers, September 5, 
1918. After both of his feet had been blown off by a 
bursting shell, Cook Shefrin, although mortally wounded, 
coolly directed the work of rescuing and caring for other 
wounded men of the kitchen detachment who had been 
wounded when his transport was struck." — Cited November 
12, 1918. Home address: 210 Seventeenth Street, Brook- 
lyn, N. Y. 

Sidler, Isadore, 101st Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Silmutzer, Mayer, Corporal, of Philadelphia. — Decorated for 
bravery by General Pershing. "He was commanding a 
machine gun crew in a dangerous position, and it was his 
gallant conduct which inspired his men to remain at their 
post. He was wounded in action on July 16, but recovered 
in the hospital at Vichy, France." 

Silverberg, Morris, Private, Company G, 108th Infantry. — "Dis- 
tinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in 
action near Ronssoy on September 29. Private Silverberg, 
a stretcher bearer, displayed extreme courage by repeatedly 
leaving shelter and advancing over an area swept by 
machine gun and shell fire to rescue wounded comrades. 
Hearing that this company commander had been wounded 
he voluntarily went forward alone, and upon finding that 
his officer has been killed brought back his body." Home 
address: 809 East 99th Street, New York City. 

Silvermann, Harry, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 104th Infantry. — 
Gassed. Entire Regiment Cited. 

Simon, Louis C, Jr., Second Lieutenant, 147th Aero Squadron of 
Columbus, Ohio. — Cited for extraordinary heroism in action 
in the region of Hadonville Les Lochausse, on September 
16th. 

Simons, Samuel, 6 Day Street, Webster, Mass., 104th Infantry. — 
Entire Regiment Cited. 

Solomon, David, Sergeant, Company F, 302d Engineers. — "Cited 
for gallant conduct in re-entering the Ravin Profund, 
Argonne Forest, in front of the advance elements of our 
division and in the face of machine gun and sniper's fire, 
to search for Private Seaman, who was found to be missing 
from the detachment after a skirmish for enemy snipers 
a few minutes previously. This occurred on September 
26, 1918." 

Solomon, Nathan, Corporal, Sixth Machine Gun Battalion, Marine 
Corps. — Cited for valor in Battle of the Marne. Killed in 
action, October 11, 1918. 



Citations 27 

Sorrow, Louis, Corporal, Company B, 307th Field Signal Bat- 
talion. — "Distinguished Service Cross for extraordinary 
heroism in action near Fleville, between October 13 and 
21. After being on duty continuously for thirty-six hours 
on October 13 he volunteered to repair telephone lines 
which had been cut by shell fire. Under extremely heavy 
bombardment he worked all night repairing breaks to 
lines and thereby making possible constant communication 
with one of the advanced regiments. On October 21, 
after one of his helpers had been killed and the other 
wounded by heavy shell fire, he continued on alone and 
repaired the telephone lines, displaying unusual bravery 
and devotion to duty." Home address: 835 Beck Street, 
New York. 

Spiegel, Frederick. — Awarded War Cross for bravery in the first 
Piave drive. 

Stein, Samuel A., 913 N. Marshall Street, Philadelphia, Pa., 104th 
Infantry. — Entire Regiment Cited. 

Stein, William. — Cited for bravery in action. 

Stern, Arthur M., 57 West 88th Street, New York. — Awarded 
Croix de Guerre for rescuing many wounded during a 
severe barrage fire and gas attack. 

Stomersky, Isaac, Private, Company B, 306th Infantry. — "On 
September 6, 1918, while his battalion was advancing to 
the attack, through heavy barrage of high explosives and 
gas shells, this soldier showed exceptional bravery and 
devotion to duty as company runner by voluntarily running 
from place to place in the line, relaying orders and main- 
taining liaison. He was invariably the first to respond 
when a runner was needed or when a volunteer was called 
for to carry a message to the company in front, all of 
which was beyond his regular duty. During this time 
he showed the utmost bravery and total disregard to his 
own personal danger." — Cited November 16, 1918. 

Studinski, Isidore, 104th Infantry. — Entire Regiment Cited. 

Swaab, Jacques M., Lieutenant, of New York. — "On September 
12, while flying over the battle lines, engaged a German 
Fokker in combat and dropped it, defeated, to earth. 
Finding himself approached by a squadron of enemy planes, 
engaged the first, which met its fate when it fell burning 
as a result of his gun fire, and then took on one more of 
these German airships and succeeded in destroying that, 
too, before returning." 

Teitelbaum, Bernard, Private, Sanitary Detachment, 306th In- 
fantry. — "This soldier, with extraordinary heroism and 
devotion to duty, continued to give first aid to five wounded 
men under severe shell fire of shrapnel and high explosives, 
to the utter disregard of his own personal danger, until 
he was himself hit by shrapnel and severely wounded. 
At the time he was attached to the third and Fourth 



28 Office of Jewish War Records 

Platoons, Company D, 306th Infantry, holding a position 
in the front line." — Cited November 16, 1918. 

Toelken, Julius W., Second Lieutenant, 104th Infantry. — "Dis- 
tinguished Service Cross for extraordinary heroism in 
action near Douresches, France, July 20, 1918. When 
the advance of his platoon was checked by enemy machine- 
gun fire Lieutenant Toelken crawled forward alone to a 
position from which he could fire, and killed three of the 
machine-gun crew, after which, with his platoon he cap- 
tured the gun and turned it on the foe." Home address: 
145 Union Street, Springfield, Mass. Cited November 
12, 1918. 

Weichmann, Walter, 103d Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Westzenberg, George, Sergeant, of the Medical Detachment, 
Company A, 2d Anti-air-craft Machine Gun Battalion. — 
Cited for bravery in action at Neuvilly. "He voluntarily 
ran through enemy shell-fire to aid two soldiers who had 
been wounded. He found one dead, but administered 
anaesthetics to the living and remained with him till an 
ambulance came to the scene." 

Wetzler, Albert E., 101st Infantry. — Cited for bravery. 

Wise, Henry E., Lieutenant, an American Red Cross canteen officer, 
of Long Branch, N. J. — Cited a second time for the French 
War Cross. 

Wise, Sol., Lieutenant, of Cincinnati. — Was awarded the Croix 
de Guerre, for sending down a Boche flyer on August 
11th. 

Zion, Peter P., Lieutenant, of New York City. — Awarded the 
Distinguished Service Cross and recommended for pro- 
motion to captain. "Though his arm was badly slashed 
by a German sword bayonet, he refused to go to a dressing 
station, but remained in command of his platoon until 
the day's objective had been obtained." 



In conclusion, it has become apparent, from the informa- 
tion now available, that the record of Jewish War Service, 
when fully developed, will demonstrate incontestably that 
the Jews of America have contributed their full quota to 
the winning of the war, and a generous margin beyond their 
quota; that they have enlisted cheerfully, fought gallantly 
and died bravely for the United States. Those who knew 
the quality of Jewish loyalty needed no proof of this. They 
knew that the qualities which had enabled the Jew to 



Citations 29 

survive through the centuries — his capacity to endure, 
without breaking, prolonged and intense nerve strain; 
his qualities of initiative, his elasticity of mind, his capacity 
for organization, and above all, his idealism — would enable 
him to fit himself successfully into a democratic army fight- 
ing for world democracy. In this they have not been dis- 
appointed. But to communicate this knowledge to the out- 
side world it becomes necessary to establish the known facts 
on the soundest possible foundations. This the present 
record promises to accomplish. 



APPENDIX 

I. 

Note on Methods of Search 

(Being a reprint of an article on "The Collection of Jewish War 
Statistics," from the American Jewish Year Book 5679 (1918-19). 

From the first days of the entry of the United States into 
the World War the American Jewish Committee felt the 
need of, and recognized the opportunity for, a complete 
record of Jewish service in the common cause. For reasons 
too well known to be enumerated here, statistics of an 
entirely reliable nature bearing upon Jewish service in the 
wars of the United States had never before been gathered. 
The work of Simon Wolf, The American Jew as Patriot, 
Soldier, and Citizen (1895), is obviously a bio-historical 
rather than a statistical record. The Preliminary List of 
Jews Serving in the Spanish-American War, compiled by 
Dr. Cyrus Adler and published in the Year Book 5661 (1900- 
1901), is, as its title implies, a tentative effort; while the 
article on Jews in the United States Army and Navy, pre- 
pared by Captain Landes for the Year Book 5677 (1916-17), 
is admittedly a rough approximation rather than a scientific 
census. The present moment, it was therefore felt, pre- 
sented, for the first time in the history of American Jewry, 
an opportunity for the preparation of a contemporary record 
that should prove of service to the Jews of America for all 
time. 



Methods of Search 31 

To this end the American Jewish Committee assigned to 
its Bureau of Statistics and Research, as a major function, 
the task of collecting data bearing upon all Jews in the 
military and naval services of the United States, at home 
or abroad, in the regular civilian service at Washington, 
in the newly established War Bureaus, and in the various 
auxiliary services where Jews are known to be rendering 
valuable aid — in short, to establish at this time, and later 
to render possible the publication of, a comprehensive 
historical and statistical record of Jewish contributions 
to the success of the United States in the greatest of all 
wars. 

But while the many advantages of such an undertaking 
were generally recognized, its difficulties were by no means 
underestimated. It was known that the official records of 
the army and navy make no note of religious affiliations, 
so that a bare examination of the millions of names on the 
rolls, even if permission were granted to make such search, 
would in itself be an enterprise of considerable magnitude. 
It was also recognized that the Jewish quotas, coming as 
they would from widely scattered parts of the country, 
would contain thousands of men who had naturally drifted 
away from Jewish affiliations, other thousands who had, 
in the process of Americanization, changed their names, and 
some who would, for reasons of their own, even seek to 
conceal their racial or religious identity. In view of this 
it was decided to approach the problem from as many 
angles as possible, in order to reduce to a minimum that 
percentage of error always inherent in a work of this 
nature. Three main channels of information are thus 
being explored: (1) Jewish sources; (2) official records 
at Washington; (3) other records of a public and private 
nature. 



32 Office of Jewish War Records 

Jewish Sources of Information 

From the very inception of this war statistics work, the 
closest possible co-operation has been fostered and main- 
tained between the Bureau of Statistics and the agents of 
the Jewish Welfare Board stationed at various camps and 
ships and. also at the front. These representatives are under 
instructions to send directly to the Bureau or to the Board 
all information of a statistical character gathered by, or 
known to them, including individual registration cards 
signed by the Jewish soldiers, religious censuses taken by 
the Board or by other agencies in the camps, holiday fur- 
lough records, receipts for Bibles, etc. The Board has also 
posted conspicuous notices in the camps, advertising the 
work undertaken, and has enclosed the proper material, 
such as blanks and registration cards, in the vast number 
of Bibles and Prayer Books which it has issued to the Jew- 
ish soldiers and sailors, as well as in the other literature 
which it is spreading broadcast. In short, it has lent its 
co-operation systematically and efficiently, thereby assuring 
to the Bureau of Statistics a steady flow of the most valu- 
able information possible direct from camps, ships, and 
trenches. All other Jewish organizations, local and national, 
throughout the country — religious, fraternal, trade and labor, 
Zionist organizations, etc. — have likewise been circularized 
by the Bureau of Statistics with requests for lists of mem- 
bers who have been called to the colors. 

The response to date has been tremendously gratifying. 
To the rabbis of the country the Bureau of Statistics is 
particularly indebted for a great volume of information 
respecting the men in service belonging to their congrega- 
tions, invaluable in quality and quantity. All Jewish dailies 
and weeklies have been carefully searched and clipped for 



Methods of Search 33 

reports of enlistments, for group and local honor rolls, for 
news of service flag dedications, etc, and news items that 
suggest clues to other sources of information have been 
diligently followed up. Thus, a casual press clipping one 
day reported the organization of a Jewish Soldiers' Club at 
Camp Gordon. The secretary of the club was at once 
communicated with, and he responded in due course with 
a remarkably painstaking list of the club membership. 

In addition, every effort is being made to reach all Jewish 
agencies likely to possess information of value — parents' asso- 
ciations, or other next-of-kin groups that are in touch with the 
men at the front; Jewish publicists and communal workers; 
Jewish newspaper men on the staffs of Jewish or non-Jewish 
papers; employers' and employes' associations in trades and 
industries wholly or preponderantly Jewish; lodges, clubs, 
and the like. 

Official Records 

Recognizing, however, that, because of the limitations 
already referred to, purely Jewish sources of information 
would be inadequate for the purposes in view, a determined 
effort has been made to gain access to departmental records 
in Washington and at the various state capitals, in order to 
gather systematically, at the source, whatever data might 
be secured as to Jewish enlistments, with the idea that the 
two inquiries — one into Jewish, and the other into non- 
Jewish channels of information — should serve to supplement 
and correct each other. For this purpose an office was 
opened, at the beginning of the present year, in Washing- 
ton, in charge of the present writer. It was hoped that access 
might be secured either to the files of the War Risk Insur- 
ance Bureau, where are kept the original applications of all 
soldiers and sailors who have taken out insurance policies 



34 Office of Jewish War Records 

with the Government, as well as the allotment and allowance 
records, or to the files of the Adjutant General's Office, the 
Statistical Division of which collects and tabulates all 
"service records" of the men in the army, including the in- 
valuable "holiday furlough" records, or else to the files of the 
Provost Marshal General's Office, where all the draft records 
are to be found. Every assurance of co-operation was 
given by the officers in charge of these various records, 
but it was soon found that, because of the tremendous 
burdens which recent war developments have imposed upon 
all these bureaus, it would be advisable to wait with the 
actual procedure of search until the archives were in better 
order, since, in the present state of these records, the work 
of examination would be unduly complicated for all con- 
cerned. These searches have, therefore, been suspended for 
the present, with the exception of the office of the Marine 
Corps, where, through the courtesy of the Adjutant and 
Inspector, Brigadier-General Laucheimer, permission to 
examine the files was freely granted, and where the files 
themselves were found to be in such perfect condition as 
to make the quest comparatively simple. 

Outside of Washington, a great body of information re- 
specting the National Guard and the Federalized Militia of 
the states is to be found in the offices of the Adjutants- 
General at the various state capitals. Arrangements have 
consequently been made to have their records systematically 
examined. The files at Albany have already been thorough- 
ly searched by a representative of the Bureau of Statistics, 
Miss Ruth Hessberg, who has, with extraordinary skill and 
diligence, located thousands of names of Jewish soldiers. 
The search at Harrisburg and at a number of other leading 
capitals is now under way. In addition, the Army Orders 
and Assignments, Casualty Lists, etc., issued by the United 



Methods of Search 35 

States Adjutant-General's Office and published in the Con- 
gressional Record, the Official Bulletin, and in part in the 
metropolitan dailies, constitute a rich source of official in- 
formation which is closely examined for Jewish data. 
Finally, there remain the records of the local draft and ex- 
emption boards, particularly in the districts notably Jewish, 
or in leading centers of Jewish population. These records, 
although inferior to the others in certain respects, in so far 
as they supply data only as to the induction of the men 
and none at all as to their later service history, will never- 
theless be of great value in complementing and correcting 
the other particulars available. 

Numerous subsidiary sources of information in non- 
Jewish quarters occasionally supply most valuable data and 
supplement the two main avenues of information, the strictly 
Jewish and the strictly official. Among these are the Red 
Cross, whose Home Service Divisions maintain at their local 
offices records of dependency and cases requiring other 
home relief; the War Service Rosters of the leading col- 
leges and universities of the country; the records of local 
historical societies; the forthcoming editions of the various 
professional directories, and so forth. Arrangements have 
recently been entered into providing for an exchange of 
information with most of these agencies. 



Methods of Search 

From these various sources, some 100,000 records have at 
present (December, 1918) been collected, and are now being 
verified, classified and tabulated. And since it is apparent 
that the value of the work as a whole will depend almost 
entirely upon the accuracy of the methods adopted to avoid 
duplication and confusion, it may be desirable, at this point, 



36 Office of Jewish War Records 

to present a brief description of the technique involved. 
First, as to the methods adopted for the identification of 
Jewish names. It is recognized, at the outset, that no per- 
fect method has as yet been developed. To identify, with 
unerring certainty, Jewish names in a bare list of mixed 
names is utterly impossible. But a reasoDable degree of 
accuracy is entirely feasible. To begin with, there is the 
great mass of information supplied by the Jewish Welfare 
Board and other organizations and individuals, to whom the 
Jewish registrants are known personally. These names are 
accepted without question, as they are virtually certified. 
As to the remainder, there are names so unmistakably Jew- 
ish that, when taken in connection with their home ad- 
dresses, next-of-kin, or branch of service — as, for example, 
in the case of officers in the medical or dental corps bearing 
distinctly Jewish cognomens — they may be accepted without 
further question. Where names have been anglicized or 
adapted in any way, the names of next-of-kin frequently 
remain unchanged, or perhaps the very form of the change 
may to a trained mind suggest the original. Other clues 
of like nature will at once occur to the reader — registration 
districts, if distinctively Jewish; birthplace or nativity of 
parents; the use of certain forenames or certain abbreviation 
of surnames — all these and other characteristics too numer- 
ous to mention, while not conclusive in themselves, tend 
nevertheless to furnish broad indications which, followed up 
by the skilled investigator, generally lead to. satisfactory 
proof, positive or negative. Finally, it frequently happens 
that names coming from a non-Jewish source will be auto- 
matically checked, at the moment of filing, by a source un- 
mistakably Jewish. Moreover, it is contemplated that, as 
soon as the local lists are reasonably complete, check lists 
will be made up by towns and cities, copies thereof to be 



Methods of Search 37 

sent to the local press and to the leading Jews in each 
community for revision and verification. Altogether, there- 
fore, it may be confidently stated that, from present indi- 
cations, the final residuum of doubtful, uncertified names 
will be practically negligible. 

The cataloguing methods adopted will also serve, in a 
considerable degree, as a check against duplication and in- 
clusion of improper material. As the records are received 
they are copied, in triplicate, on cards having blanks for 
full name, home address, age, nativity of self and parents, 
branch of service, rank, regiment and company, camp or 
station, source of information received, and service record. 
These three cards, one original and two carbons, are filed in 
three separate catalogues, one arranged alphabetically and 
so devised as to bring together automatically all variant 
forms of names which are especially liable to misplacements 
because of common errors in reporting, copying, or trans- 
literating; another catalogue arranged by branches of the 
service, with officers and honormen "signalled;" and a third 
arranged by states, cities and towns. By this means it will 
be possible to report not only as to the service records of any 
individual, but also as to the aggregate of enlistments, local 
quotas, distribution by branches of the service and by local- 
ities, number and proportion of officers, and similar data of 
general interest. Analyses and studies of this material may 
be made and published from time to time, as occasion may 
demand, before the completion of the entire work. 



Civilian War Service 

Although the collection of military and naval statistics 
constitutes, of necessity, the major problem before the 
Bureau of Statistics at present, the record of civilian war 



38 Office of Jewish War Records 

service is by no means to be neglected. The Washington 
office has gathered all data available as to Jews in the 
Federal Civil Service and in the War Bureaus, numbering 
to date some two thousand names, and also much infor- 
mation as to Jews in the various auxiliary services, such 
as Four-Minute Men, Liberty-Bond salesmen, members of 
Draft Boards, and War Service committees throughout the 
country, while all other information obtainable as to Jew- 
ish contributions to the Red Cross, Hospital and Ambulance 
Units, Bond Subscriptions and other war service is being 
systematically collected and classified. 



Desiderata 

From this brief account of the work undertaken so far 
it will be apparent that the measure of success which may 
ultimately attend the venture will depend in large part upon 
the co-operation of all elements in Jewish life. Tribute has 
already been paid to the service of the Jewish Welfare 
Board and to the magnificent co-operation of the spiritual 
and secular leaders of American Jewry. All the readers of 
this article can help definitely and notably by sending to the 
Bureau of Jewish Statistics and Research any data that- 
comes within the scope of this work. At present this means 
any information whatsoever concerning the Jews in the 
present war. Concretely, the individual or organization 
desiring to assist in this most important work can do so in 
the following manner : 

(1) By sending in names of individual soldiers and 
sailors, particularly those that do not ordinarily suggest a 
Jewish origin, and renewing the record from time to time 
with such fresh information as may develop, in the way of 
honors, promotions, or casualties. 



"The Lost Battalion" 39 

(2) By locating and notifying the Bureau of sources at 
which a considerable mass of information may be traced. 

(3) By interesting any agencies of publicity that may 
be reached so as to enlist the widest possible number of 
people in the work. 

(4) By sending to the Bureau, either for immediate 
perusal or for permanent preservation in its archives, letters 
from soldiers and sailors at the front, or other material of 
historical value. 

APPENDIX 
II. 

Fruit of the Melting Pot 

(Editorial from New York Globe, October 11, 1918) 

Glorious is the story the censor has allowed to come through 
concerning a battalion of the Seventy-seventh Division — a Yap- 
hank division, an east side division, and to be even more explicit, 
a Yiddish division. 

For four days it was cut off and surrounded in the sombre 
thickets of the Argonne. When enveloped all the accepted rules 
of the war game required capitulation. A captured American 
prisoner, blindfolded so he could not observe, was sent from Ger- 
man headquarters across the American lines. A note told the 
trapped battalion of the plight it was in — a condition of which 
it was sadly aware. Good treatment was promised if resistance 
ceased and extinction threatened if it continued. The reply was 
an instant negative. The division was a democratic one. Major 
Whittlesey read the message to the men, and they shouted their 
rejection so loudly that the Germans thought the Americans 
must be welcoming succoring reinforcements. 

For days the battalion, with machine gun bullets shaving the 
ground, crouched behind their shallow trenches. The emer- 
gency rations were quickly consumed, and the only food at hand 
was oak leaves and acorns. The bravery was equal to that at the 



40 Office of Jewish War Records 

Alamo, and happily with happier results. The Germans, taught 
caution by the sting of rifle fire and afraid of the bayonets, did 
not venture on close attack. The Americans, they said, would 
grow tired of their foolishness and give up. But after ninety- 
six hours relief came and the danger was over. 

If it had been said a year ago that the rather undersized 
tailors, factory workers, pushcart men, clerks, etc., then crowding 
the east side's streets would be capable of such a feat smiles of 
incredulity would have spread over many countenances. The 
Yiddishers fight like wildcats? Nonsense! It was not in them. 
But they did. Belittlers will please pass out by all exits. Demo- 
cracy is not interested in developing power men, but in creating 
power within them. In less than a generation the Russian Jew 
has got out of his soul the consequences of centuries of tyranny 
and oppression. He went into the melting pot with many fears 
clouding his spirit; he emerges a full grown man, who looks with 
level and unlowered eyes at the arrogant Prussian. No more 
satisfying proof of the essential soundness of American political 
and social institutions was ever given than is furnished by the 
behavior of this east side battalion. America makes men. Talk 
of the quest of the old alchemists for the secret of the trans- 
mutation of base metals into gold! By a clever alchemy America 
transmutes blighted raw material into men. Herein is our true 
glory, and to save the foundations of this glory men of every 
known race and accent are on the battle fine of liberty on the 
frontiers of freedom. 



The Lost Battalion 

(Editorial from New York Times, October 12, 1918) 
The story of the "lost battalion" touches the pride of the 
people of this city, for the battalion belonged to the 77th Division, 
which was trained at Camp Upton. General Bell astonished 
admirers of the Regular Army by saying that the 77th was as fine 
a body of troops as he ever commanded, and that it would make 
a name for itself in France. He has been justified. There is the 
adventure of the "lost battalion," and how gloriously it ended! 
No more stirring incident in the four years of fighting in France 
by the contending armies has occurred. 



"The Lost Battalion" 41 

The bit of profanity in the story not even the most pious 
American would have deleted. To the "lost battalion" — it was 
trapped in a hollow in the Argonne Forest — came a message, 
typewritten in the best German headquarters style: "Americans* 
you are sourrounded on all sides. Surrender in the name of 
humanity. You will be well treated." Major Whittlesey, the 
American commander, had no typewriter, and his reply was 
verbal. The Germans understood it. There has probably never 
been a terser response to an enemy sure of his prey and demanding 
capitulation. Whittlesey's profanity pleased his men so much 
that their cheers rolled over the German lines. 

The truth was that the "lost battalion" had blundered, 
through that excessive ardor for which the American soldier is 
rather notorious, into a German trap. The men perfectly under- 
stood that they were tactically at fault, but the Major's reply 
to the demand for surrender consoled them. They would fight 
on to the bitter end, if they all had to die for it. 

But the battalion, with its rations exhausted, was provi- 
dentially found at last and restored to the 77th Division by its 
American brothers in arms. The beleaguered men would not 
be starved out; they would not be shelled or sniped out; they 
hung on with waning strength but stout hearts, their ammunition 
running so short that orders were given to fire only point blank 
at an advancing German. Day after day passed without relief. 
At last it came when hope of rescue had been given up. The 
tactics of these men of the National Army may have been crude, 
but we submit that when they have had more experience in the 
field they will prove invincible. The glory of their heroic resistance 
can never fade. 



42 



Office of Jewish War Records 
TABLE 1* 



PRELIMINARY COUNT OF JEWS IN THE UNITED 

STATES ARMY AND NAVY FROM EACH STATE 

OF THE UNION AND THE DISTRICT 

OF COLUMBIA 



Alabama 


312 


Nebraska 


. . 498 


Aeizona 


20 


Nevada 


7 


Arkansas 


152 


New Hampshire 


59 


California 


1,237 


New Jersey 


. . 2,223 


Colorado 


365 


New Mexico 


18 


Connecticut 


1,213 


New York 


. f26,866 


Delaware 


86 


North Carolina .... 


73 


District op Columbia. . 


256 


North Dakota 


69 


Florida 


105 


Ohio 


. . 2,890 


Georgia 


272 


Oklahoma 


144 


Idaho 


15 


Oregon 


416 


Illinois 


3,459 


Pennsylvania 


. . 9,643 


Indiana 


474 


Rhode Island 


240 


Iowa 


325 


South Carolina 


95 


Kansas 


112 


South Dakota 


24 


Kentucky 


330 


Tennessee 


. . 330 


Louisiana 


741 


Texas 


. . 1,040 


Maine 


265 


Utah 


65 


Maryland 


1,119 


Vermont 


68 


Massachusetts 


3,377 


Virginia 


332 


Michigan 


992 


Washington 


. . 366 


Minnesota 


658 


West Virginia 


153 


Mississippi 


214 


Wisconsin 


401 


Missouri 


1,291 


Wyoming 


6 


Montana 


101 


States Not Known. 


. . 15,924 


Total 


. . 79.470 





* Figures are as of December 31, 1918. 

t Probably half of the 15,924 in "States not known" will ulti- 
mately be transferable to New York, bringing its total to 34,828. 



Office of Jewish War Records 43 



TABLE 2* 

PRELIMINARY COUNT OF JEWS IN THE UNITED 

STATES ARMY AND NAVY FROM THE LEADING 

CITIES OF THE UNION 



Baltimoke 1,033 

Boston 830 

Chicago 2,670 

Cincinnati 718 

Cleveland 1,029 

Detroit 682 

Minneapolis 281 

New Orleans 484 

New York 22,210 

Newark 685 

Philadelphia 7,098 

Pittsburgh 968 

Portland 390 

San Francisco 716 

St. Louis 913 

Washington. 257 



Figures are as of December 31, 1918. 



44 



Office of Jewish War Records 



TABLE 3* 

PRELIMINARY COUNT OF JEWS IN THE UNITED 

STATES ARMY AND NAVY BY BRANCHES 

OF SERVICE 



ABC 

Com- Non- 
mission- COMMIS- 

ED sioned Men 

Officers Officers 
ARMY— 

Infantry 878 1,007 10,573 

Artillery 359 519 3,873 

Coast f 109 165 1,090 

Field \ 184 283 2,223 

Unknown [ 66 71 560 

Cavalry 65 72 740 

Engineers 178 119 1,076 

Medical 1,502 258 2,678 

Signal Including 

Aviation 352 160 2,354 

Quartermaster.. 322 344 1,879 

Ordnance 115 100 520 

Other Branches. 149 245 2,061 
Branches Un- 
known in 

Training.... 1,242 1,174 27,553 

Total 5,162 3,998 53,307 

NAVY 205 378 6,190 

MARINES 25 219 1,460 

SERVICES U N - 

KNOWN 8,235 

Total 5,392 4,595 69,192 

Miscellaneous (Jewish Legion, etc.) . . 





Cor- 


NOMINAI 


, rected 


Total 


Total 


12,458 


35,500 


4,751 


6,579 


1,364 




2,690 




697 




877 


1,215 


1,373 


1,895 


4,438 


6,136 


2,866 


3,964 


2,545 


3,521 


735 


1,019 


2,455 


3,392 



29,969 



8,235 



79,179 
291 



5,422 



62,467 68,643 
6,773 8,832 
1,704 1,704 



79,179 
291 



79,470 79,470 



Figures are as of December 31, 1918. 



Office of Jewish War Records 45 



Note : — Columns A-D show the nominal distribution by branches 
of service, based upon the present classification of the records. For 
purposes of comparison, however, these are misleading, because of the 
two great "unknown" classes: — "Army — Branches Unknown" and 
"Services Unknown," which together comprise 38,204. These two 
classes were therefore allocated among the known branches and the 
corrected figures are exhibited in Column E. 

The method of allocation adopted is as follows: 

1. The number in "Army — Branches Unknown" is 29,969. 

2. To this were added 6,176 or 75 per cent of the "Services 
Unknown" making a total in Army Branches Unknown of 36,145. 

3. Of this about 15 per cent are in training. This is based 
upon the percentage of the entire United States Army known 
to have been in training in November, 1918. 

4. The other 85 per cent — 30,723 — constitute the net "Army 
Branches Unknown." It has been found by experience that 
as fresh information develops with respect to this group about 
75 per cent of the records are transferable to Infantry. This 
would therefore furnish an approximate number, for Infantry, 
of 23,042, which, together with the 12,458 already classified in 
Infantry, furnish a total for that branch of 35,500. 

5. The remainder of "Army Branches Unknown," or 7,681, 
was allocated among all other branches of the service according 
to the proportions noted in Column D. 



46 



Office of Jewish War Records 



TABLE 4* 

COMBATANT AND NON-COMBATANT BRANCHES 

SHOWING PROPORTION OF JEWS TO TOTAL PERSONNEL 
IN THE SEVERAL BRANCHES OF THE ARMY 



United States 
Army 



Per 
Total cent 



Jews 



Per 

Total t cent 



Infantry 974,000 26.6 35,500 51.7 

Artillery 526,000 14.3 6,579 9.6 

Cavalry 29,000 .8 1,215 1.8 

Engineers 394,000 11.0 1,895 2.8 

Medical 300,000 8.1 6,136 8.9 

Signal and Aviation 254,000 6.9 3,964 5.8 

Quartermaster Corps. . . 228,000 6.2 3,521 5.1 

Ordnance 64,000 1 . 7 1,019 1 . 5 

Other Branches 347,000 9.4 3,392 4.9 

In Training 549,000 15.0 5,422 7.9 



3,665,000 100.0 



,643 100.0 



* Figures are as of December 31, 1918. 

t Provisional figures, based upon Column E, Table 3. 



Office of Jewish War Records 



47 



o w 



&£ 

Q W 
O 

H 
5 
P 
O 

o 



d 9 <» t.-, o d 

B ° O n fl 3 

3ig°l« 



, -2 £ s> 
.2 | o J * 

, -2 



, -2 

13 I 






M»Q0iO«O(0nNJj(000 



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(3 V. 



wt ■ • 00 



a«H^ 



«as 3 s § g s § g 

> O S "^ m ■< Q 

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48 Office of Jewish War Records 



TABLE 6* 

PRELIMINARY COUNT OF JEWISH COMMISSIONED 

OFFICERS IN THE NAVY AND 

MARINE CORPS. 



NAVY 

Rear Admirals 1 

Commanders and Lieutenant Commanders 12 

Lieutenants 75 

Ensigns 114 

Commissioned Officers of Unknown Rank 4 

Total 206 



MARINE CORPS 

Brigadier Generals 1 

Colonels 1 

Majors 5 

Captains 10 

Lieutenants 23 

Total 40 



All figures are as of December 31, 1918. 



Office of Jewish War Records 49 



TABLE 7 
TOTAL JEWISH CASUALTIES TO NOVEMBER 1, 1918 



Deaths — 

Killed in action 451 

Died of wounds 142 

Died of accident, etc 73 

Died from disease 96 

Miscellaneous (lost at sea, died at camp, etc.) 120 

Total Deaths 882 

Wounded — 

Severely 848 

Slightly • 223 

Degree undetermined 326 

Total Wounded 1,397 

Prisoners and Missing 223 

Total Casualties 2,502 



50 Office of Jewish War Records 



TABLE 8 

RATIO OF JEWISH CASUALTIES TO TOTAL CASUALTIES 

WITH THE AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES 

RECORDED TO NOVEMBER 1, 1918 



A. E. F. Jewish Per Cent 

Deaths 21,218 882 4.1 

Wounded 36,447 1,397 3.8 

Prisoners and Missing 6,492 223 3 . 5 



64,157 2,502 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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